Function and Structure of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin Essay

Myoglobin consist of single polypeptide chain that made up of 153 amino acid and ahs a size of 18 kDa. Its three-dimensional structure was first determined by X-ray crystallography by John Kendrew in 1957. Myoglobin is a typical globular protein in that it is a highly folded compact structure with most of the hydrophobic amino acid residues buried in the interior and many of the polar residues on the surface. X-ray crystallography revealed that the single polypeptide chain of myoglobin consist of entirely of eight (labelled A-H) alpha-helical. Within a hydrophobic crevice formed by the folding polypeptide chain is the heme prosthetic group. This nonopolypepetide unit is noncovalently bound to myoglobin and is essential for the biological†¦show more content†¦One of these is to a histidine residue which lies eight residues along helix F of hemoglobin, the proximal hitidine (His F8). The sixth bond is to one of the oxygen atoms in a molecule of oxygen. Near to where the oxygen binds to the heme group is another histidine residue, the distal histidine (His E7). This serves two very important functions. First, preventing neightboring hemoglobin molecules coming into contact with one another and oxidizing to the Fe3+ state, cause no longer bind to oxygen. Sencond, lowering the affinity of the heme for CO by preventing carbon monoxide binding with the most favourable configuration to the Fe2+. This is important because the protein can no longer bind oxygen once CO has bound irreversibly to the heme,. Thus, although the oxygen binding site in hemoglobin and myglobin is only a small part of the whole protein, the polypeptide chain modulates the function of the heme prosthetic group. Hemoglobin can bind four molecules of oxygen due to its four-heme groups, whereas myoglobin can only bind to one oxygen. The kinetics of oxygen binding of hemoglobin and myoglobin are quite different. Myoglogin exhibit a hyperbolic oxygen binding curve and hemoglobin exhibit a sigmoidial oxygen binding curve. The sigmodial curve suggest the the cooperative exist in the hemolglobing oxygen bind mechanism. The initial binding of an oxygen molecule to a hemoglobin subunitShow MoreRelatedBiomolecules934 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 4: Protein Function Chapter 7, Voet, Voet amp; Pratt * Link between protein structure and physiological function * Focus on myoglobin and hemoglobin * Both proteins reversibly bind to O2 * Extremely well-studied examples of structure/function relationships * Behavior is a model for many other proteins, especially metabolic enzymes Learning Objectives * Compare myoglobin and hemoglobin * Structures * Properties * O2 binding characteristics Read MoreThe Effects Of Cardiovascular System On The Body2262 Words   |  10 PagesDetails One cell type that plays a crucial role, not just in Tetralogy of Fallot, but in the entire disorder of Down syndrome itself, is red blood cells, the most bountiful cell type in the blood of the body. Red blood cells are unique because their structure is profoundly different from most other cells in the human body. They have an absence three common cell characteristics; a nucleus, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Despite the lack of these members of the cell, red blood cells areRead MoreNotes On Muscles Growth And Loss Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesmaterials in human body, it plays a great role of human body, supporting not only external movement but also internal function, providing the force to help the organ s function, for example, cardiac muscle tissue pumps the blood through the heart, making the circulatory system works fluently in human body. Like the other collagen-based tissues which can evolve different hierarchical structures to meet their different mecha nical needs[1], the development of muscle tissues is analogous to this evolvementRead MoreEssay on Evolution From A Molecular Perspective3053 Words   |  13 Pagespoints. Hemoglobin: Comparisons between species nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Of all the proteins in living things, hemoglobin is quot;the second most interesting substance in the world,quot; as American biochemist L. J. Henderson once stated (Hemoglobin, 4). However bold this statement seems, it must be realized that hemoglobin is, at least in the scientific world, by far the most studied and most discussed substance in the human body, as well as in other living organisms. Hemoglobin is the carrierRead MoreHemoglobin and Bloom S Category Essay12083 Words   |  49 Pagesdiaphragm e. gill arches; a diaphragm Answer: a Textbook Reference: Concept 37.2 Respiratory Systems Have Evolved to Maximize Partial Pressure Gradients Page: 733 Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 22. Which of the following statements about the structure of the fish gill is false? a. Afferent vessels bring blood to the gills, whereas efferent vessels take blood away from the gills. b. Exchange of respiratory gases occurs within the lamellae of the gill filaments. c. The efferent and afferent vesselsRead MoreProteins and Their Functions639 Words   |  3 Pagesword protos which denotes the first rank of importance, in all biological systems we find macromolecules called proteins which range from as low as prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes. Naturally proteins are complex in nature performing numerous functions that sustain life. Besides other polymers for instance nucleic acids, polysaccharides, or lipid assembles, proteins account for almost over 50% of the total dry weight of cells, They occupy the largest percentage in living cells both quantity andRead MoreThe Function Of Haemoglobin And Oxygen935 Words   |  4 Pagesred blood cell rich in iron. The major function of haemoglobin is to transport oxygen (O2) from the lungs. The haemoglobin and oxygen combination is called oxyhaemoglobin, Haemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced haemoglobin or deoxyhaemoglobin which has a high affinity for co2 (Marieb, 2014).for this reason oxy gen is bind to the oxyhaemoglobin in the lungs and carried through the blood stream to the tissues. Oxygen is then released to myoglobin (a red protein containing haem that carriesRead MoreA Brief Note On Acute Renal Failure Condition Essay979 Words   |  4 Pages The purpose of the change of terminology was to encompass the full spectrum of the clinical manifestations associated with the syndrome. This includes a range from a small decline in kidney function to a severe impairment. Furthermore, the acute condition is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function. In addition, associated manifestation(s) may be displayed as a rise in serum creatinine or a reduction in urine output. As a result of increase of serum creatinine or decline in urine outputRead MoreHomeostatic Control : A Control System4000 Words   |  16 Pagesit sends information to the control center. The control center works out an appropriate response for the stimulus that has been detected. The control center s job is to send signals to the effector, which includes muscles, organs and other bodily structures that can receive signals from the control center. After they receive a signal from the control center of the body called negative feedback it reduces the activity of an organ or bodily system to its normal or functioning range . Homeostatic controlRead MoreThe Basic Difference Between Anatomy and Physiology6198 Words   |  25 PagesWeek 1 Chapter 1 1. What is the basic difference between anatomy and physiology? (p. 2) ANSWER: Anatomy (a-NAT-Ã… -mÄ“; ana- = up; -tomy = process of cutting) is the science of structure and the relationships among structures. Physiology (fiz†²-Ä“-OL-Ã… -jÄ“; physio- = nature, -logy = study of) is the science of body functions, that is, how the body parts work. 2. Define each of the following terms: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism. (p. 6) ANSWER: AtomUnit of matter that makes

Arranged Marriage In Midnights Children Essays - 720 Words

Arranged Marriage In Midnights Children â€Å"Arranged Marriages in Midnight’s Children† An element of Midnight’s Children, by Salman Rushdie that I particularly enjoyed was the recurring theme of loving someone in pieces. There are two instances where this is prevalent, one being the interaction between Aadam Aziz and Naseem Ghani. It is stated that: â€Å"In short: my grandfather had fallen in love, and had come to think of the perforated sheet as something sacred and magical, because through it he had seen the things which had filled up the whole inside him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Through the perforated sheet, Aadam Aziz never saw his bride until he asked for her hand in marriage. Instead, he fell in love with â€Å"the softness of her ticklish skin, or the†¦show more content†¦As a consequence, Naseem employed such tricks as attempting to starve her husband, and Aadam reacted by refusing to eat. Due to the fact that both Naseem and Aadam were quite stubborn, neither one of them refused to concede to one another. It makes one wonder if, for Naseem and Aadam, showing one’s true feelings would be to admit defeat. The marriage between Naseem and Aadam never improved, and at the conclusion of Aadam’s life, as he grew ill, Naseem â€Å"appeared to thrive on his weakness,† which was symbolic of the struggle of their marriage. Another instance of falling in love in fragments, are the interactions between Amina and Ahmed Sinai, as seen in the paragraph below: â€Å"†¦she began to train herself to love him. To do this, she divided him, mentally, into every single one of his component parts, physical as well as behavioral, compartmentalizing him into lips, and verbal tics and prejudices and likes†¦in short she fell under the spell of the perforated sheet of her own parents, because she resolved to fall in love with her husband bit by bit.† In both examples, a husband and wife who shared no love tried to fall in love with each other without truly knowing the other. For Naseem and Aadam, such love never occurred, but for Ahmed and Amina, such love occurred when: â€Å"Ahmed came to himself under Amina’s care, he returned not to the self which had practised curses and wrestled djinns, but to the self he might have been, filled with the contrition andShow MoreRelatedMoso Matrilineal System813 Words   |  3 Pagespoint. One important feature of matrilineal is called â€Å"walking marriage†. There is no traditional marriage in Moso culture, so in a family there are neither husbands nor wives. In walking marriage the partners do not live in the same households, as during midnights the man who has received permission to visit the woman comes to spend the whole night with her and return to his home early in the morning. From certain aspects, walking marriage has positive effects towards Moso’s family str ucture, childRead MoreLegalization of Gay Marriage1319 Words   |  6 PagesSEM I SPEECH PREPARATION OUTLINE PREPARED BY: REGINA KHOR MAY LIN AA09179 Relationship Should we legalize same-sex marriage in our country? To persuade To persuade my audience that we should legalize same-sex marriage in our country. Same-sex marriage should be legalized since it is the natural form of the marriage evolution, part of human rights and able to prevent psychological stress from the LGB community. (LGB- lesbian, gays and bisexuals) Problem and solution Read MoreLife Is A Succession Of Lessons Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesonto earn a degree in History at Dhaka University. Khan’s teenage life started in a quite unusual way. At that time Khan was about 21, when the liberation war of his home country broke out. As the war between East and West Pakistan broke out on midnight of March 25, 1971, Khan and his family had to temporary relocate to a safer place till the war was over. (Staff) The war later about nine months, but it left a big impact on his teenage years. Coming from a conservative background, where dating wasRead More Mrs. Hayashis Creative Outlet Essays1277 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Hayashi’s Creative Outlet Women who assume the traditional role of staying at home to care for their children and their household responsibilities often need a creative outlet to express themselves, their ideas, or just to get away from monotony they experience in the day after day domestic routine. Many women find various forms of art a fulfilling way to satisfy their need for personal expression. Similarly, in the short story â€Å"Seventeen Syllables† by Hisaye Yomamoto, the â€Å"stay-at-home-mom†Read MoreThe Murder Of Nicole Brown1014 Words   |  5 Pagesand admitted it was not the first time she had been abused by her husband (Turque). In March of 1992, Nicole filed for divorced. Although Nicole had signed a prenuptial agreement prior to their marriage, she still revived a lump sum of $433,750 and $10,000 a month in child support for their two children. After their divorce they continued to see each other attending high-profile and fundraising events together. Despite spending time together, the problems still persisted, and Nicole continued toRead MoreThe World s Largest Island2108 Words   |  9 Pagesareas throughout. Additionally, the hours of sunlight vary dramatically from season to season in Greenland. During the summer, Greenland becomes a land of the midnight sun, with weeks of 24-hour daylight. In addition to that, northern Greenland receives three months of continual daylight during this time of the midnight sun. The midnight sun is a time where, in given weather, the sun is visible for a full 24 hours. During the winter, however, Greenland s southern ramparts receive only a sparseRead More The Debate on How Urban Middle-Class Identities Have Changed3936 Words   |  16 Pagesstarted with Nehru’s steel mills. As neatly correlative as this appears, it is clear such an assumption is a fallacy on several counts- there remain certain spheres in which urban middle classes continue to stress the importance of caste, such as marriage and also the unavoidable influence Hindu nationalism has had upon Indian society, in particular its relationship to the middle class, both which will be exam ined in greater detail further on in the discussion. However in order to elucidate certainRead MoreHappily Ever after All Around 1364 Words   |  5 Pageswas a boy from a rich family suffering great loss; their eldest son and his rabbit had gone off their boat and drowned, Luke—the prince to be—had been on the boat but couldn`t save his brother. They danced and the princess realized that this arranged marriage might not be so bad, that is until he got down on one knee. He said they would be wed the next day if she took the ring. Not knowing what to say, because no guide to being queen tells you what to do in a situation like that, she ran. With everyRead MoreAncient Philippine Civilization4801 Words   |  20 Pagesequipped with relevant data about the Philippines will certainly make your stay the most pleasurable one. This site also aims to provide Philippine expats in other countries to trace their heritage and useful links which they can pass on to their children . ------------------------------------------------- Filipino Food However, the taste of Filipino recipes is premised on sourness and a bit more on salt and/or sugar. Sourness is evidenced in â€Å"sinigang† (stew),  adobo, beef steak and â€Å"paksiw† usingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Trickster And Grimm Fairy Tales 1846 Words   |  8 Pagescaused constant trouble for the gods, Loki loved mischief. He also enjoyed disguise and could change his form into any animal. At first the gods found him quite amusing, but eventually got tired of his tricks and began to dislike him. Loki one time arranged the death of Odin’s son Baldur. Odin of which is a god in Norse Mythology. Loki soon discovered that Baldur could be harmed by mistletoe. One day while the gods were throwing things at balder for fun Loki gave a mistletoe to a blind god and told

The Definition of Statehood Free Essays

Before diving into the question of this essay, one that looks simple on the surface but reveals itself to be as complicated as it is deep, I found myself asking how we define â€Å"statehood†. It’s all good and well to say that the state is a contested organisation, but when the idea of what exactly a state is comes into it, that statement becomes all the less clear. By definition a nation state is a state/country that possesses clear borders and land, and contains mostly the same type of people by either race or cultural background. We will write a custom essay sample on The Definition of Statehood or any similar topic only for you Order Now ttp://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/467746/political-system/36702/National-political-systems? anchor=ref416908 Yet some states have numerous ethnicities, Nigeria for example has been calculated to have over two hundred culturally distinct groups, even Gambia, whose population numbers about half a million people, has eight distinct ethnic groups (Hughes 1981: 122). Then again, these are both countries that are considered as â€Å"failed states†, something I will return to later on. According to Philip Cerny, statehood is the capacity to guard the social, economic and political life of its people and also to protect them from external threats and predators. He then goes on to say that states regularly fail at one of these tasks, often not doing well at both at the same time. Statehood, according to Cerny, is the â€Å"problematique of the modern world system itself†. Why? Why are nation states so bad at doing what they say on the tin? Surely it can’t be that hard to defend one’s people and at the same time give them basic needs such as employment, welfare and education. Of course, the world isn’t a perfect place, and we have yet to reach the utopia dreamt of by our grandparents, but really does everything have to be so terrible? To be fair Cerny does give a good argument against that, and provides much evidence to show that the state is indeed a contested organisation. He argues that â€Å"future structural organisational developments will depend on the kinds of political coalitions that can be built to confront and deal with those challenges†, especially those involving cross-border networks. In that case the result is likely to be a more complex form of world politics that is not only multi-level but also multi-nodal. Cerny makes a clear statement that the ideal states are â€Å"organisationally distinct from families, churches, classes, races, economic institutions† and also non-state political organisations. He then simplifies that claim that the state is a contested organisation by breaking it down into 3 sections: economically, socially and politically. First we will look at each of these individually and examine that statement. Of the three, the most interesting to me was his ascertain that the state is an economically contested organisation. Cerny says that states are organised through relationships of power, but they are also bound to the ideals of fairness and justice. Economic groups such as corporations and markets however, are not. They revolve around a principle of profit and aren’t shackled by the same need to be ‘nice’ that states are. One can go so far as to say that Cerny is nearly directly addressing the issue of globalisation without ever saying the word. Take big companies such as Coca Cola or McDonalds, while they give a consumer-friendly image and do help communities with various projects, at the end of the day they are 100% profit driven and if circumstances dictated that they must drop half their workforce to save costs, you can be sure that they would. Globalisation has meant that corporations no longer operate within borders, and for the most part are free to trade as they please. That some of these firms make more money than the Irish state is a very scary thought indeed. It is an invasive and destabilizing phenomenon that states must contest with. Not only does it signal heightened interconnectedness, but it encroaches into those formal-legal aspects of sovereignty that secure or tie down authority in the first instance, and benefit from it in the second. In other words, â€Å"the transnational connections inherent in globalisation are significant on a qualitative as well as a quantitative level. But what new patterns of authority are emerging here? † (Williams 1996: 118) It is said of sovereignty that there is plenty of it around, but that as a result of globalisation â€Å"the sites for its concentration have changed. According to this argument states are being forced to concede certain of their sovereign powers to regional, transnational or world bodies on one hand, and to local and other sub-national institutions on the other. On a side note while on the point of globalisation, though Cerny doesn’t explore the idea it is also worth mentioning the globalisation of military power as it contests with every stat e organisation. Advanced nuclear weapons systems can now operate worldwide, for they can deliver their payloads to any place at all on the planet, and do so within a very short time. They are thus capable of making the whole earth uninhabitable, and of threatening the very survival of the all states, whether they wish it or not (Poggi 1990: 177). You really can’t get much more global than that. The next area we will examine is Cerny’s claim that the state is a socially contested organisation. According to him states â€Å"are not natural, spontaneous emanations† from a â€Å"taken for granted, pre-existing society, people, or public†, they are made up from real people who base them on a range of often divided groups such as class, ethnicity, religion and ideology to name a few. People who are born in to this nation state may not always agree with or like the way things are and can find themselves caught in conflicts of identity, and the state finds itself constantly at odds with those who feel socially indoctrinated with the rules, power structures and policies of that state. As Cerny says, â€Å"citizens are made, not born†. Another big social contender is the internet, any one person can simply log on to Facebook (or other social networking sites) and instantly connect with people all over the world, again ignoring state boundaries. The final point that is discussed is that the state is a politically contested organisation. This can nearly go without saying, as there isn’t a state in the world that hasn’t been challenged politically at one stage or another. This happens on all ends of the scale, from as Cerny puts it: â€Å"absolutist monarchs and national revolutionaries to various bureaucrats, officials, patrons and clients†. He even goes on to mention religious movements and criminal gangs. It is important to note that the organisational strengths that Cerny mentions, whether they be rooted in widely accepted social identities or bonds, or that they have power internationally, need not only apply to Westphalian states (and indeed many of those ‘official’ states are weak on those levels). Take certain groups such as Hezbollah or the IRA for example, upon looking past the fact that they are viewed by some as terrorist organisations (although most European countries have refused to classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation [http://www. digitalnpq. org/archive/2009_summer/03_qassem. tml]), these groups often take on the state roles for the people they claim to serve. Hezbollah is a major provider of social services, operating schools, hospitals, and agricultural services for thousands and playing a significant part in Lebanese politics. [http://www. cfr. org/publication/9155/hezbollah_aka_hizbollah_hizbullah. html? breadcrumb=/]. Likewise the IRA are renow ned for looking after their own, be it ensuring the well being of prisoner families or upholding the law (or at least a version of it), in areas where traditional state politics have failed. Going back now to the other two headings for the contested state, economically and politically, and applying them to the state â€Å"alternatives† I mentioned above, it is hard to understand why Cerny didn’t do the same. One can not simply draw a line in the sand and say that all the ones over here (those of the Westphalia type) are states, and those over there are not. There are many similarities to be found on both sides. These groups also find themselves to be contested organisations. Yes it can be argued that economically, Hezbollah only functions because the nation states of Iran and Syria support them, but the same was also said of the peripheral state of Cuba when it was funded by the USSR (Giddens 1985: 269). In the north the IRA have succeeded in many social areas that the government have not, giving identity, protection and services to a select group of people who otherwise feel abandoned by a system that is supposed to do the same. The downfall of these groups is that their (occasional) focus on fighting and violence only serves to detract from the other areas. Yet returning to Cerny, he raises the point that some find the cost of the US’s war in Iraq (estimated at 2-3 trillion dollars), has prevented it from addressing issues both domestically (health care and employment for example) and abroad (development aid, fighting disease ect). This shows that even the largest of official states can do itself damage by focusing too much on military operations. But what happens when a state can do no more for its people? When it becomes such a contested organisation that it loses physical control of its How to cite The Definition of Statehood, Papers

Importance of Reading Argument Essay free essay sample

In the last 20 years, reading has declined dramatically: in every age group, race, income group, and region. When people consider whether or not reading is important, they only consider childhood reading. While it is very crucial to read with your children, adults have just as much need to continue reading past schooling age. Adults as well as children should read any chance they get because the ability to read well is essential to function in today’s society, it stimulates the human mind, and it develops the imagination and the ability to learn new things. Everything in today’s society requires reading, from reading instructions to becoming employed. Imagine trying to do something as simple as reading the directions on a medicine bottle without good reading skills. Someone could misinterpret a crucial step and become very sick or even die. This could happen very easily today considering 46% of American adults cannot understand the label on their prescription medicine (The Literacy Company). We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Reading Argument Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Getting or keeping a job would also prove very difficult. How would you look to a possible employer if you said you didn’t have very adequate reading skills? It’s likely the job wouldn’t be yours. Even something as simple as walking or driving through the city could become extremely dangerous without sufficient reading and interpretation skills. Sometimes, the capability of reading words is not enough; you must be able to understand what is written and construe them. Having others help someone who is illiterate is an option, but it is most definitely not a very easy one. They cannot support themselves and must depend on someone else to function. It would be very challenging for them to even get a job because â€Å"Approximately 50 percent of the nations unemployed youth age 16-21 are functional illiterate, with virtually no prospects of obtaining good jobs† (The Literacy Company). Illiterate people won’t be able to help their children read. It may even end up that the child will start to teach their parent! Reading also stimulates the human mind. It gives us something to do besides watch television. Our brain is a muscle, and just like any other muscle in the body, if you do not exercise it, it turns to mush. Reading uses interpretation and comprehension unlike video games or television shows. When you are reading, you often pause to think about what you just read, or if you don’t understand a part, you can go back and read it again. When you watch television or listen to an audio book, even though the option is usually there, typically these are not paused. The average reader even spends about 1/6th of the time they spend reading actually rereading words (The Literacy Company). Stopping and thinking about things gives your mind an engaging activity and this helps improve mental health and stamina of our brains. It is actually said that â€Å"the best reading is often rereading† (Gardner 3). When reading to a child, whats a popular thing to do? Many pause and ask What do you think will happen next? inviting the child to explore their imagination and the story itself. Whether adults realize it or not, we do this ourselves when we read, always questioning what will happen next. Many people try to disagree with the importance and ability of reading on the human mind. Some people say that reading is a waste of time and we can do better things with our time. Reading is one of the most important aspects of our lives. Even if we don’t read books, we still read every day, and reading books only strengthens our reading abilities. Reading is one of the greatest things we can do with our spare time, as Joseph Addison so expertly said. â€Å"Of all the diversions of life, there is none so proper to fill up its empty spaces as the reading of useful and entertaining authors. Perhaps one of the most easily defendable arguments is the capability of reading to develop the imagination and the ab ility to learn new things. Reading can help your imagination take you anywhere or let you do anything. The more your imagination grows, the more able you are to go to new places on your own, without the help of a book. You can use a book to find out about a place, and with your newly expanded imagination, you can visualize the place and go there yourself. You can go anywhere, whether there has been an extensive book written about it or not. Who knows, you may end up coming up with your own world and having to write about it. Some also seem to object to reading often because there is always something offending people. Everything in today’s world offends someone, and that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t do or use it? A good library has lots of types of books for many different ages, but like Jo Godwi said, A truly great library contains something in it to offend everyone. With a book, you can travel anywhere you want, do anything you want, and talk to anyone you want. With good reading and comprehension skills, you can get good jobs, and function great in todays society. A book has the power to cause our minds to long for more information and want to read more. They grab the reader’s attention and use their magical abilities to make the reader believe whatever the words may be saying. Reading is one of the most important aspects of our lives, no matter your age.